'Sleep and emotions: How much are they affected by confinement due to COVID-19? A longitudinal study'.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim is to study changes in sleep and emotions in Spanish population during the confinement period due to first wave of COVID-19. METHODS: A total of 363 adults (69.4% women) aged between 18 and 65 (Mage = 32.59; SD = 12.57) participated in the study. Socio-demographics, sleep quality and emotional experience were evaluated. The study was longitudinal: a first data collection was developed after 15 d of confinement (asking for a subjective comparison with the pre-confined period), and a second collection after 30 d. RESULTS: Results suggest differences in sleep quality depending on the time confined. Difficulty falling asleep increases and daytime activity decreases with longer confined periods. Morning fatigue, sleepiness and nightmares are reduced significantly after 15 d of confinement when compared with the subjective data from pre-confinement. After 15 d of confinement participants felt higher levels of apathy, sadness, irritability and lower levels of euphoria and joy than they remember feeling before confinement. Anxiety, concern and fear seem to increase at 15 d of confinement and decrease at 30 d. Sleep quality and emotional experiences in confinement are closely correlated. CONCLUSIONS: The confinement in Spain worsened the emotional state and changed sleep habits, although it did not necessarily worsen the quality of sleep. Key pointsThere are differences in sleep quality depending on the time spent in confinement.Confinement situation is related with higher levels of apathy, sadness, and irritability and lower levels of euphoria and joy.Anxiety, concern and fear seem to increase at 15 d of confinement and then decrease at 30 d.Sleep quality and emotional experiences in confinement are closely correlated.After COVID-19, there is a remarkable need of attend the disturbances emerged in sleep habits and daily moods of general popunlation.

Anxiety, depression, and stress in youth during lockdown: differences between clinical and community samples

Mental health disorders and problems negatively affect the quality of life, and alarming risks have been observed in Colombia, as evidenced by the National Mental Health Survey (MINSALUD, 2015), and at the present time, mental health care systems are deficient in the country (Rojas-Bernal et al., 2018). The impact of the pandemic on people with mental health problems A longitudinal study conducted three measurements between April and May 2020 in the United States and analysed the effect of demographic, psychosocial, and behavioural factors on symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. According to the study results by Czeisler et al. The present study aimed to analyse the differences between young people with a history of mental health problems and a normative sample regarding their emotional symptoms, concerns, and satisfaction with life during lockdown for COVID-19.

Analyzing the role of resilience and life satisfaction as mediators of the impact of COVID-19 worries on mental health.

The aim of this study was to test whether resilience and life satisfaction (two traditional protective factors) mediate between COVID-19 related worries and the development of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in adolescents and young adults. Participants involved 392 adolescents and young adults (70.20% female) aged between 12 and 25 years (M = 17.05 years, SD = 3.08). Participants completed the COVID-19 related worries scale, the CD-RISC to analyse resilience, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales-21 to study emotional symptoms. Descriptive analyses and Pearson correlations were conducted, together with a structural equation modeling testing a mediational model and multigroup invariance. Results show that resilience and life satisfaction play a mediating role in the relation between the COVID-19 related worries and emotional symptoms (depression, anxiety, and stress). This study highlights the role of protective factors on adolescents' and young adults' emotional symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Emotional State, Life Satisfaction and Worries Regarding COVID-19 in Spanish and Chilean Adolescents during Spring 2020.

Background: The lockdown due to COVID-19, has affected the mental health of the population. Recent literature suggests a greater psychological impact on adolescents regardless of their cultural background. Objective: The aim is to analyze the emotional state, life satisfaction and worries about COVID-19 in Chilean and Spanish adolescents. Method: A total of 1078 adolescents (M=15.18; SD=1.25) completed the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, the COVID-19 Worry Scale and the Life Satisfaction Scale. The design was cross-sectional and descriptive. Descriptive analyses, t-tests, and linear regressions were performed. Results: More emotional symptoms, worries and lower life satisfaction were observed in Chile. Girls had more worries and emotional symptoms. An affected psychological state is also observed in Spanish adolescents, especially in Chilean adolescents. Worries about COVID-19 affect depression, anxiety, stress and life satisfaction in both samples. Conclusions: Further research is needed to prevent psychological distress in future pandemics. Developing tailored interventions are encouraged.

Analyzing protective factors for adolescents’ mental health during COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: A longitudinal study Analyse des facteurs de protection de la santé mentale des adolescents pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 en Espagne: Une étude longitudinale

Objective: This study examined the protective role of self-esteem and perceived emotional intelligence on mental health problems in Spanish adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic. Design: Participants (N = 139;Mage = 13.83 years, SD = 0.96;63.8% female) completed measures before the outbreak of COVID-19 (T1) and during the first wave of the pandemic in Spain (T2). Main outcome measures: Participants self-reported emotional intelligence, self-esteem, mental health problems and suicidal behavior. Results: Adolescent mental health problems were equally affected by COVID-19 pandemic according to gender, age and lockdown conditions. Adolescents with low levels of emotional intelligence and self-esteem at T1 showed a significant decrease in self-reported anxiety, depression, stress and suicidal behavior at T2. However, adolescents with average or high levels of emotional intelligence and self-esteem at T1 showed no significant changes in mental health problems at T2. Self-esteem at T1 meditated the relationships between emotional intelligence at T1 (clarity and repair) and emotional symptoms at T2 (depression, anxiety and stress). Furthermore, the relationship between self-esteem and anxiety symptoms was moderated by the number of people living together during COVID-19 lockdown. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the protective role of pre-pandemic development of self-esteem and emotional intelligence in mitigating the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on adolescent mental health during the pandemic.

Analyzing protective factors for adolescents' mental health during COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: A longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the protective role of self-esteem and perceived emotional intelligence on mental health problems in Spanish adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: Participants (N = 139; Mage = 13.83 years, SD = 0.96; 63.8% female) completed measures before the outbreak of COVID-19 (T1) and during the first wave of the pandemic in Spain (T2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants self-reported emotional intelligence, self-esteem, mental health problems and suicidal behavior. RESULTS: Adolescent mental health problems were equally affected by COVID-19 pandemic according to gender, age and lockdown conditions. Adolescents with low levels of emotional intelligence and self-esteem at T1 showed a significant decrease in self-reported anxiety, depression, stress and suicidal behavior at T2. However, adolescents with average or high levels of emotional intelligence and self-esteem at T1 showed no significant changes in mental health problems at T2. Self-esteem at T1 meditated the relationships between emotional intelligence at T1 (clarity and repair) and emotional symptoms at T2 (depression, anxiety and stress). Furthermore, the relationship between self-esteem and anxiety symptoms was moderated by the number of people living together during COVID-19 lockdown. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the protective role of pre-pandemic development of self-esteem and emotional intelligence in mitigating the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on adolescent mental health during the pandemic.

OBJECTIF: Cette étude a examiné le rôle protecteur de l'estime de soi et de l'intelligence émotionnelle perçue sur les problèmes de santé mentale chez les adolescents espagnols pendant la pandémie de COVID-19.Conception: Les participants (N= 139; AM= 13,83 ans, ET= 0,96; 63,8% de femmes) ont rempli des formulaires avant l'apparition du COVID-19 (T1) et pendant la première vague de la pandémie en Espagne (T2).Principales mesures des résultats: Les participants ont auto-évalué l'intelligence émotionnelle, l'estime de soi, les problèmes de santé mentale et le comportement suicidaire.Résultats: Les problèmes de santé mentale des adolescents ont été affectés de manière égale par la pandémie de COVID-19 selon le sexe, l'âge et les conditions de confinement. Les adolescents ayant des niveaux faibles d'intelligence émotionnelle et d'estime de soi à T1 ont montré une diminution significative de l'anxiété, de la dépression, du stress et du comportement suicidaire autodéclarés à T2. Cependant, les adolescents ayant des niveaux moyens ou élevés d'intelligence émotionnelle et d'estime de soi à T1 n'ont montré aucun changement significatif des symptômes de santé mentale à T2. L'estime de soi à T1 a médité les relations entre l'intelligence émotionnelle à T1 (clarté et réparation) et les symptômes émotionnels à T2 (dépression, anxiété et stress). De plus, la relation entre l'estime de soi et les symptômes d'anxiété a été modérée par le nombre de personnes vivant ensemble lors du confinement de COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Nos résultats soulignent le rôle protecteur du développement pré-pandémique de l'estime de soi et de l'intelligence émotionnelle atténuant l'impact de l'épidémie de COVID-19 sur la santé mentale des adolescents pendant la pandémie.

Protective factors for the mental health of adolescents and young adults in coping with pandemic-related worries: A mediation study / Factores de protección para la salud mental de los adolescentes y adultos jóvenes ante las preocupaciones relacionadas con la pandemia: Un estudio de mediación

Abstract Introduction/objective: Worries regarding COVID-19 and its economic, social, and psychological consequences, together with the strict measures implemented to control this health crisis, have threatened the mental health of adolescents. The aim of this study was to test the mediating role of resilience and life satisfaction in the association between COVID-19 related worries and mental health among adolescents and young adults. Method: A total of 3485 participants between 14-29 years of age (Medad = 19.68, DT = 3.36) completed an online survey regarding pandemic-related worries, resilience, life satisfaction, and emotional symptoms (depression, anxiety, and stress). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was performed to test multi-group invariance. Results: Resilience and life satisfaction partly mediated the relationship between pandemic-related worries and emotional symptoms. Pandemic-related worries were positively associated with emotional symptoms. Resilience and life satisfaction mediated the impact of pandemic-related worries on emotional symptoms. The tested model was invariant according to gender and age. Conclusions: Our findings go beyond the context of the current pandemic, highlighting how young people's worries regarding extraordinary circumstances may negatively impact on their mental health. This study highlights the mediating role of life satisfaction and resilience, thus emphasising the need for promoting these aspects to improve the mental health of young people during this global health crisis.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: La preocupación por la COVID-19 y sus consecuencias económicas, sociales y psicológicas, junto con las estrictas medidas aplicadas para combatir esta crisis sanitaria, han supuesto una amenaza para la salud mental de los jóvenes. El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar el papel mediador de la resiliencia y la satisfacción con la vida en la asociación entre las preocupaciones relacionadas con la COVID-19 y la salud mental de los adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Método: Un total de 3485 participantes con edades comprendidas entre los 14 a 29 años (Medad = 19.68, DT = 3.36) completaron una encuesta online sobre las preocupaciones relacionadas con la pandemia, la resiliencia, la satisfacción vital y los síntomas emocionales (depresión, ansiedad y estrés). Se realizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) para examinar la invarianza multigrupo. Resultados: La resiliencia y la satisfacción con la vida mediaron parcialmente la relación entre las preocupaciones relacionadas con la pandemia y los síntomas emocionales. En concreto, las preocupaciones relacionadas con la pandemia se relacionaron positivamente con los síntomas emocionales. La resiliencia y la satisfacción con la vida mediaban el impacto de las preocupaciones relacionadas con la pandemia y los síntomas emocionales. El modelo demostró invarianza en cuanto a género y edad. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados van más allá del contexto de la pandemia, revelando que las preocupaciones de los jóvenes por circunstancias extraordinarias afectan de manera negativa su salud mental. Este estudio pone de relieve el papel mediador de la satisfacción vital y la resiliencia, enfatizando así la necesidad de promover estos aspectos para mejorar la salud mental de los jóvenes durante esta crisis sanitaria mundial.

Cross-cultural validation of the Worries about COVID-19 and its consequences Scale (W-COV) in adolescents and young people.

The pandemic context presents remarkable psychological challenges for adolescents and young adults. The aim of the present work was to construct and study the psychometric properties of a scale in Spanish language (W-COV) to measure their worries related to the pandemic. Participants were 5559 people aged between 14 and 25 years old (M = 19.05; SD = 3.28). Self-report data were collected using a cross-sectional and cross-cultural design. Participants were from 5 Spanish-speaking countries. Instruments were W-COV to assess worries about COVID-19 and its consequences; DASS-21 for anxiety, depression and stress; and SWLS for life satisfaction. Exploratory, confirmatory and multi-group factor analyses were conducted to determine the factorial structure of the W-COV and its measurement invariance (configural, metric, scalar and error variance). Correlational and regression analyses were also performed to study convergent and predictive validity. The results suggest that W-COV presents a bifactorial structure: (1) a general factor of worries about COVID-19; and (2) three different factors: worries about health, economic and psychosocial consequences from COVID-19. The internal reliability indices Cronbach's α and Omega were adequate. With respect to the invariance results, the instrument can be used interchangeably in the five countries considered, in both genders and in two different age groups (12-17 and 18-25). Regarding validity, W-COV factors were positively associated with anxiety, depression and stress, and negatively predicted life satisfaction. In conclusion, W-COV is a reliable and valid instrument for researchers and health care professionals to assess the psychological impact of the pandemic on mental health of young Ibero-Americans.

Teachers' Response to Stress, Anxiety and Depression During COVID-19 Lockdown: What Have We Learned From the Pandemic?

BACKGROUND: As a result of national lockdown due to the COVID-19 outbreak, teachers were forced to suspend their classes and replace them with online teaching and home schooling. Additional stressors such as competing family responsibility have increased their worries and mental health problems. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of COVID-19-related worries on teachers' emotional symptoms, considering the mediating role of several protective factors. METHODS: A total of 614 Chilean teachers (94.60% women) participated in this study using a cross-sectional design and incidental sampling method. Self-report data was collected assessing emotional symptoms, COVID-19-related worries, life satisfaction, affect balance, and resilience. Descriptive analyses, Pearson's correlations, hierarchical regressions, and mediation models were conducted. RESULTS: The results indicated that emotional symptoms were associated with prepandemic physical and mental health problems, higher levels of worries and negative affect, as well as lower levels of life satisfaction and resilience. Results from the mediation models showed that the negative impact of COVID-19-related worries on emotional symptoms was alleviated by affect balance and resilience. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the importance of addressing the risk and protective factors for teachers' mental health during exceptional situations such as the ongoing pandemic.

Social and Psychological Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Adolescents' and Young Adults' Mental Health: A Cross-Cultural Mediation Study.

The ongoing pandemic has dramatically disrupted daily life, increasing the risk of developing psychiatric disorders and poor mental wellbeing. The compound effects of social, political and psychological stressors have increased psychological symptoms among adolescents and young people, with worries about COVID-19 playing a central role in the clinical course of their mental health problems caused by the pandemic. The aim of this cross-cultural study was to examine the social psychological effects of COVID-19 on adolescents' and young people's mental health and wellbeing in Ibero-American population. Participants involved 6,283 adolescents and young adults from five different Spanish-Speaking countries (83.7% female) aged between 12 and 30 years (M = 18.79; SD = 3.48). Participants completed the Worries about COVID-19 and its Consequences Scale (W-COV), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Descriptive analyses, multivariate ANOVAs and Pearson correlations were performed, as well as Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) testing a mediational model. The results indicate cross-cultural difference in COVID-19 related worries, emotional symptoms and life satisfaction. Results from SEM confirmed the overall indirect effects of COVID-19 cases, political response and participants' conditions during lockdown on depression, anxiety, stress and life satisfaction mediated by COVID-19 related worries. These findings suggest that the social psychological factors underlying psychological symptoms could be partly explained by increased worries about COVID-19 and its personal, social, economic and political consequences, which may offer guidance to policy makers and health services for safeguarding youth mental well-being.

10Vida: A Mental and Physical Health Intervention for Chronically Ill Adolescents and Their Caregivers in the Hospital Setting: An Open Study.

Suffering from a chronic disease (CD) in adolescence can significantly impact the emotional health of adolescents and their families. MHealth can be a useful tool for these groups. However, few intervention programmes include the family system. The aim is to design an intervention programme (10Vida) for a paediatric population with a CD, and their families, to improve their adaptation to the disease. The study is a quasi-experimental repeated measures design in a open study, where the patients themselves, and their families, are their own control group. Participants will receive an intervention of seven individual sessions: five sessions with each patient, and two sessions with their caregivers. In the case of the patients, the aim is to improve their emotional state, their self-esteem, and their emotional competencies, reducing their perceived threat of illness. Furthermore, in the case of the caregivers, the aim is to improve their emotional state and reduce their burden. Indirectly, working with caregivers and those being cared for will improve family ties. The pilot study will involve 25 to 30 chronically ill adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years and their primary caregivers. Following the results, the necessary modifications will be included, and the programme will be offered to adolescents and their families who are willing to participate.

Do COVID-19 Worries, Resilience and Emotional Distress  Influence Life Satisfaction? Outcomes in Adolescents in Ecuador during the Pandemic: SEM vs. QCA.

COVID-19 and the measures adopted have been a problem for society at all levels. The aim of the study was to analyze the main predictors of life satisfaction among adolescents in Ecuador during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were 902 adolescents from Ecuador aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 15.30; SD = 1.28). Variables such as life satisfaction, resilience, emotional symptomatology, and worries about COVID-19 were assessed. Two statistical methodologies were compared (structural equation models (SEM) and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA)) to analyze the possible influence of worries about COVID-19, resilience and emotional symptomatology towards life satisfaction. The results indicated that in both models, worries about COVID-19 were negatively related to life satisfaction. However, having a greater worry, specifically for physical health issues, was associated with better life satisfaction. SEM models indicate that depression is negatively related to life satisfaction. In QCA models, high levels of life satisfaction are explained by low levels of anxiety and depression. Thus, resilience seems to play a mediating role in life satisfaction, although this is only true for the depression variable. It is necessary to detect signs of risk in this population and strengthen resilience in them as elements that can facilitate their adequate coping with their adverse situation.

ESTADO DE SALUD EN ADOLESCENTES DE ESPAÑA, MÉXICO Y CHILE DURANTE LA COVID-19: UN ESTUDIO TRANSCULTURAL

The aim of this study was to analyse the current health status, in comparison with the health status prior to the pandemic caused by COVID-19, in a sample of adolescents from Spain, Mexico and Chile. The results show that, in general, adolescents in Chile tend to present a significantly higher incidence of physical and psychological symptoms during the pandemic, compared to their health status prior to the appearance of the coronavirus. Keywords: COVID-19;physical symptoms;psychological symptoms;mental health;teenager. Cada país estableció sus propias directrices de seguridad sanitaria, sin embargo, la mayoría de gobiernos actuaron en torno a las mismas fechas, conforme nuevos casos se iban confirmando en sus territorios (World Health Organization [WHO], 2020b).

Psychological adjustment of Spanish adolescents and their parents during COVID-19 lockdown: A mixed method approach.

Previous literature on the psychological impact of COVID-19 has shown a direct relationship between family conflicts and psychological distress among parents and their children during the domestic lockdown and social isolation; but there are also opportunities to enhance family bonding, encourage collective problem-solving and improve personal relationships. This study aimed to explore psychological adjustment processes of Spanish adolescents and their parents during the first month of lockdown by analyzing their narratives, perceived outcomes, protection and risk factors. A total of 142 people agreed to participate in this study. Of all participants, 61 were adolescents (M = 13.57; SD = 1.74; 57% women) and 81 were parents (M = 46.09; SD = 4.72; 91% mothers). All were Spanish residents and completed an online survey during the domestic lockdown in March 2020. From a qualitative design, methodology followed a mixed approach to analyze data. The results showed three different types of adaptation to lockdown and social isolation in both adolescents and their parents: 1) positive adjustment, 2) moderate adjustment, and 3) maladjustment. Most participants reported a good adjustment and only a 20% of parents and a 16% of adolescents stated that they had not been able to achieve a positive psychological adjustment. There are few significant quantitative differences between adolescents and their parents. The qualitative analysis of data showed that adolescents reported less psychological distress than their parents. The two most important protective factors were social support and keeping busy during lockdown. The most significant risk factors were loss of mobility and social isolation. The conclusions stressed that regarding psychological maladjustment, parents experienced feelings of uncertainty whereas adolescents experienced a kind of mourning process. These findings can be used to design and implement effective intervention measures for mental health and psychological well-being in such a difficult situation as domestic lockdown.

Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in Spanish adolescents: Risk and protective factors of emotional symptoms

The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents is one of the most prevalent concerns all over the world. Adolescence is a developmental stage of high vulnerability due to the challenges this period entails. Additionally, the health emergency crisis has put adolescents even more at risk of developing mental health problems. The present study aims to examine the influence of socio-demographic and COVID-19 related variables on symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in adolescents during pandemic-related confinement in Spain. Participants were 523 adolescents (63.1% female), aged between 13 and 17 years (M=14.89 years;SD=1.13 years), who completed an ad hoc questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and The Oviedo Infrequency Scale (INFO-OV). A descriptive and cross-sectional study design was used, and descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results indicate that socio-demographic and COVID- 19 related variables play a significant role in the development of emotional symptomatology in adolescents during the current pandemic. Girls more than boys, adolescents who did volunteer work and those who stayed home more often were more likely to experience depression, anxiety or stress symptoms. Experiencing a stressing life event and searching for COVID-19 related information more often was related to psychological distress. On the other hand, adolescents who were in a romantic relationship and had been infected with the coronavirus, were more likely to be mentally healthy. Further research is necessary in order to detect risk and protective variables that impact adolescent's mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) Abstract (Spanish) El impacto psicologico de la pandemia de COVID-19 en ninos y adolescentes es una de las preocupaciones mas frecuentes en todo el mundo. La adolescencia es una etapa de desarrollo de alta vulnerabilidad debido a los desafios que conlleva este periodo. Ademas, la crisis de emergencia sanitaria ha puesto a los adolescentes en un riesgo aun mayor de desarrollar problemas de salud mental. El objetivo del presente estudio es examinar la influencia de las variables sociodemograficas y las relacionadas con COVID-19 en los sintomas de depresion, ansiedad y estres en los adolescentes durante el confinamiento a causa de la pandemia en Espana. Los participantes fueron 523 adolescentes (63,1% mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre los 13 y los 17 anos (M=14.89 anos;SD=1.13 anos), que cumplimentaron un cuestionario ad hoc, la Escala de Depresion, Ansiedad y Estres (DASS-21) y la Escala de Infrecuencia de Oviedo (INFO-OV). Se utilizo un diseno descriptivo y transversal, y se realizaron estadisticos descriptivos y analisis de regresion logistica multiple. Los resultados indican que las variables sociodemograficas y las relacionadas con la COVID-19 desempenan un papel importante en el desarrollo de la sintomatologia emocional en los adolescentes durante la pandemia. Las chicas, los adolescentes que hicieron trabajo voluntario y los que se quedaron en casa con mas frecuencia tuvieron mas probabilidades de experimentar sintomas de depresion, ansiedad o estres. Se necesitan mas investigaciones para detectar las variables de riesgo y de proteccion que afectan a la salud mental de los adolescentes durante la pandemia de COVID-19. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Family adjustment during the COVID-19 pandemic: A dyad study

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has brought a host of vital changes to society. Families and their children have had to adapt to new routines and situations, which may have increased or aggravated the suffering of emotional symptoms. However, the presence of resilience and positive emotional regulation strategies can cushion this impact on families with young children. The aim of the present study is to know the variables that explained the problems of family emotional adjustment to the COVID-19 pandemic, considering the dyads of parents and their adolescent children. Thirty-one dyads of adolescents between 11 and 19 years old (M = 13.90;SD = 1.85) and their main caregivers participated, 93.50% of whom were mothers. After accepting to participate in the study, emotional regulation (Emotional Regulation Questionnaire;ERQ), resilience (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale;CD-RISC) and anxious, depressive and stress symptoms (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale;DASS) were evaluated. Qualitative comparative fuzzy set analysis (fsQCA) models were performed. In the explanation of the emotional maladjustment of the caregivers, the negative family climate and the deficient emotional regulation strategies in their children were the most relevant variables. In the explanation of the emotional discomfort of the adolescents, the low resilience of these and the deficient strategies of emotional regulation of their parents were the most relevant variables. Our study points out the relevance of caring for family members when facing this kind of life crisis, through intervention programs that improve family bonds and emotional regulation strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) Abstract (Spanish) La pandemia mundial del COVID-19 ha traido una gran cantidad de cambios vitales para la sociedad. Ante esta situacion, las familias y sus hijos han tenido que adaptarse a nuevas rutinas y situaciones, lo que puede haber aumentado o agravado el padecimiento de sintomatologia emocional. No obstante, la presencia de resiliencia y de estrategias de regulacion emocional positivas, puede amortiguar este impacto en las familias con hijos pequenos. El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer las variables que explicaban los problemas de ajuste emocional familiar ante la pandemia del COVID-19, teniendo en cuenta las diadas de progenitores y sus hijos adolescentes. Participaron 31 diadas de adolescentes entre 11 y 19 anos (M = 13.90;DT = 1.85) y sus cuidadores principales, siendo el 93,50% madres. Tras aceptar participar en el estudio se evaluo la regulacion emocional (Cuestionario de Regulacion Emocional;ERQ), la resiliencia (Escala de Resiliencia de Connor-Davidson;CD-RISC) y la sintomatologia ansiosa, depresiva y el estres (Escala de Depresion, Ansiedad y Estres;DASS). Se realizaron modelos de analisis comparativo cualitativo de conjuntos difusos (fsQCA). En la explicacion del desajuste emocional de los cuidadores, el clima familiar negativo y las estrategias de regulacion emocional deficientes en sus hijos fueron las variables mas relevantes. En la explicacion del malestar emocional de los adolescentes, lo fueron la baja resiliencia de estos y las estrategias deficientes de regulacion emocional de sus padres. Nuestro estudio senala la relevancia de atender a los miembros de las familias en su conjunto ante crisis vitales de este tipo, mediante programas de intervencion que mejoren los vinculos familiares y las estrategias de regulacion emocional. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Psycho-emotional adjustment in parents of adolescents: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the impact of the COVID pandemic.

PURPOSE: adolescence is a time of change and it generally entails a greater family vulnerability thus; the aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for poor emotional adjustment to COVID among parents of adolescents. DESIGN AND METHODS: 94 parents of adolescents (11-18 years old, M = 13.90, SD = 1.85) participated at different times during the state of alert in Spain. 91.5% were mothers. Their ages ranged from 35 to 63 years (M = 46.54; SD = 5.09). The variables assessed were anxiety, depression and stress (DASS), moods (MOOD), somatization (SCL) and resilience (CD-RISC). Descriptive analyses, t-tests, ANOVAs, correlations, and hierarchical regressions were performed. All this by means of a cross-sectional and longitudinal study design. RESULTS: at the beginning of the confinement parents showed low levels of emotional distress and moderate levels of positive emotionality and resilience. However, those with a prior psychological problem, who had lost their job, or had lost someone to the pandemic, showed worse emotional adjustment. Resilience was relevant in predicting anxiety-depressive symptoms, and a low level of happiness was relevant in predicting stress. Emotional symptoms improved over time, and resilience remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: the emotional impact of COVID over time is influenced by mood, mental health, and resilience. In addition, parents who had a previous health problem, had lost their job or a loved one, had a worse adjustment. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: it is important to carry out intervention programs that increase resilience, treating parents who require it, since their emotional adjustment has repercussions on the emotional adjustment of family system.